第一章 单元测试
1、判断题:
现代分析仪器基本组成包括信号发生器、检测器、信号处理器和读出装置四大部分。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
2、判断题:
溶液理论中四大平衡是酸碱平衡、沉淀溶解平衡、络合平衡和氧化还原平衡。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
3、单选题:
与化学分析相比,仪器分析具有灵敏度( ),检出限( )等优点,操作( ),容易实现自动化;但相对误差( ),价格昂贵,维护成本高。
A:高,低,复杂,较高
B:高,低,简便,较高
C:高,低,简便,较低
D:高,高,简便,较高
答案: 高,低,简便,较高
4、判断题:
仪器分析一般都有独立的方法原理和理论基础
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
5、判断题:
按分析任务,分析化学可分为定性分析、定量分析和结构分析。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
6、判断题:
按数量级分类,分析化学可分为常量分析、微量分析、痕量分析、单分子分析等。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
7、判断题:
电分析方法包括电导分析、电位分析、电解分析、库伦分析、电泳分析和伏安分析等。
A:错
B:对
答案: 错
8、判断题:
色谱分析法是指根据混合物的各组分在互不相溶的两相中吸附、分配或其它亲和作用的差异而建立的分离分析方法。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
9、单选题:
下列表述正确的是()
A:仪器分析不需要标准物质
B:化学分析大多属于痕量和超痕量分析
C:仪器分析是基础,化学分析是发展方向
D:化学分析是基础,仪器分析是发展方向
答案: 化学分析是基础,仪器分析是发展方向
10、单选题:
下列表述错误的是()
A:分析化学的发展经历了三次变革
B:与核磁共振技术相关的诺贝尔奖共有四次
C:核磁共振技术获得了1952年的诺贝尔物理奖
D:分析化学的第二次变革发生在第二次世界大战期间
答案: 与核磁共振技术相关的诺贝尔奖共有四次
第二章 单元测试
1、单选题:
线光谱是物质受外界能量作用后,由于( )能级跃迁产生的。
A:
分子振动
B:
原子外层电子
C:
分子中价电子
D:
分子转动
答案:
原子外层电子
2、多选题:
下列哪种因素会引起对朗伯-比尔定律的偏离?
A:
溶液为稀溶液
B:
杂散光进入检测器
C:
入射光为单色光
D:
溶质发生解离
答案: 杂散光进入检测器;
溶质发生解离
3、判断题:
某种溶液在254 nm处的透射比T% =10%,则其吸光度为0.1。
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
4、单选题:
某金属离子X与R试剂形成一有色络合物,若溶液中X的浓度为
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"> 用1 cm比色皿在525 nm处测得吸光度为0.400,则此络合物在525 nm处的摩尔吸收系数为( )
A:

B:

C:

D:

答案:

5、判断题:
为减小吸光度的测量误差,一般要求吸光度控制在一定范围内,可以通过改变光程,或改变被测物的浓度来实现。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
6、判断题:
吸收光谱可分为原子光谱和分子光谱两大类。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
7、判断题:
不同波长的光具有不同的能量。波长越长,光的能量越大。
A:错
B:对
答案: 错
8、判断题:
分子光谱是线状光谱。
A:错
B:对
答案: 错
9、判断题:
κmax表明了吸光物质最大限度的吸光能力,其值越大表明该测定方法越灵敏。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
10、判断题:
由光的单色性差引起的偏离朗伯比尔定律,其原因是物质对不同波长的光吸收的程度不同。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
第三章 单元测试
1、单选题:
丙酮在己烷中的紫外吸收λmax为279 nm,κmax为14.8,该吸收带是由( )跃迁引起的。
A:

B:

C:

D:

答案:

2、判断题:
苯的三个吸收带波长大小顺序为B>E2>E1,而κmax大小顺序为B
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
3、单选题:
在紫外可见分光光度分析中,极性溶剂会使被测物的吸收峰( )
A:
分裂
B:
彻底消失
C:
位移
D:
精细结构更加明显
答案:
位移
4、判断题:
在紫外-可见分光光度计中,单色器的光色散元件主要有棱镜和光栅。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
5、判断题:
在分光光度计中,常因波长范围不同而选用不同材料的容器,其中石英比色皿只能用于紫外光区。
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
6、单选题:
在分光光度法中,宜选用的吸光度读数范围是( )
A:0.1~1.0
B:1.0~2.0
C:0~0.2
D:0.1~0.3
答案: 0.1~1.0
7、判断题:
用示差法进行分析测试,以纯溶剂作参比时,某稍低于试液浓度(cx)的标准溶液(cs)的透射比为20%,而试液的透射比为12%,。今以此标准溶液调节仪器的透射比为100%,测得试液的透射比为60%,这等于将仪器的标尺扩大了5倍。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
8、判断题:
在紫外光谱常见的价电子跃迁类型中n→π*和σ→σ*跃迁能在紫外及可见光区吸收光谱中反映出来。
A:错
B:对
答案: 错
9、判断题:
显色反应灵敏度高的标志是摩尔吸收系数大。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
10、判断题:
化合物A有8个共轭双键,化合物B有15个共轭双键,这两个化合物一个是橙色,一个是紫色,那么橙色的是化合物B。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
第四章 单元测试
1、单选题:
在红外分析中,用KBr制作试样池,这是因为( )
A:

B:

C:

D:

答案:

2、单选题:
预测以下各个键的振动频率所在区域,正确的是( )
A:

B:

C:

D:

答案:

3、单选题:
下列分子中,无红外活性的是 ( )
A:
CH4
B:
CO2
C:
H2O
D:
N2
答案:
N2
4、判断题:
4000~400 cm-1 属于中红外区。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
5、判断题:
红外光谱不仅包括振动能级的跃迁,也包括转动能级的跃迁,故又称为振转光谱。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
6、判断题:
C=O和C=C键的伸缩振动谱带,强度大的是C=O。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
7、单选题:
在红外光谱上出现以下几个特征谱带,推测该化合物是 (1) 3400~2400 cm-1有个宽而强谱带,(2)1730~1750cm-1有个较强谱带,(3)1320~1210cm-1有个中强谱带。
A:
醇类
B:
酮类
C:
羧酸
D:
胺类
答案:
羧酸
8、判断题:
红外光谱仪的检测器是光电倍增管。
A:错
B:对
答案: 错
9、判断题:
傅里叶变换红外光谱仪比色散型仪器的灵敏度高,光通量大,测量的光谱范围大。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
10、判断题:
用红外光谱法进行定量时,分析的灵敏度较低,不适用于微量组分的测定。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
第五章 单元测试
1、单选题:
空心阴极灯的主要操作参数是( )
A:灯电流
B:阴极温度
C:灯电压
D:内充气体压力
答案: 灯电流
2、判断题:
贫燃火焰也称氧化焰,即助燃气过量。过量助燃气带走火焰中的热量,使火焰温度降低,适用于易电离的碱金属元素的测定。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
3、判断题:
原子吸收分光光度计的单色器放在原子化器之前。
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
4、判断题:
用原子吸收分析法测定钠含量时,常加入一定量的钾离子,其目的是作消电离剂。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
5、判断题:
在原子吸收分析中,被测物的蒸汽中基态原子数远小于激发态原子数。
A:错
B:对
答案: 错
6、多选题:
关于多普勒变宽的影响因素,以下说法正确的是 ( )
A:
随气体温度的升高而减小
B:
随气体温度的升高而增大
C:
随发光原子的摩尔质量增大而减小
D:
随发光原子的摩尔质量增大而增大
答案: 随气体温度的升高而增大;
随发光原子的摩尔质量增大而减小
7、判断题:
原子吸收中,原子化系统的作用是将待测元素转变成基态的原子蒸汽。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
8、单选题:
由同种原子碰撞所产生的谱线变宽称为( )
A:
自然宽度
B:
多普勒变宽
C:
劳伦兹变宽
D:
赫尔兹马克变宽
答案:
赫尔兹马克变宽
9、判断题:
富燃性火焰,其燃气和助燃气的比例是小于化学计量值。
A:对
B:错
答案: 错
10、判断题:
原子吸收光谱法中,背景吸收是来自原子化器的一种光谱干扰。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
第六章 单元测试
1、多选题:
在电化学分析法中,经常被测量的电学参数有 ( )
A:
电导
B:
电容
C:
电动势
D:
电量
E:
电流
答案: 电导;
电动势;
电量;
电流
2、单选题:
电极的极化程度可用下列哪个来衡量( )
A:标准电极电位
B:条件电极电位
C:
分解电位
D:过电位
E:电池电动势
答案: 过电位
3、单选题:
浓差极化是由于在电解过程中,电极附近溶液的浓度和溶液本身的浓度发生了差别所致,而浓差大小与下列哪些因素无关?
A:
电极电位
B:
溶液浓度
C:
搅拌情况
D:
电流密度
答案:
电极电位
4、判断题:
电化学分析法是利用物质的电学性质和化学性质之间的关系来测定物质的含量。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
5、判断题:
电化学分析法的共同特点是将被分析的试样溶液构成电化学电池的一个组成部分。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
6、判断题:
电化学电池是将化学能与电能互相转换的装置。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
7、判断题:
当相反方向的电流通过电池时,所进行的电极反应是原反应的逆反应,则此电池称为可逆电池。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
8、判断题:
当电流通过电极时,在电极上发生非自发的电子转移的化学反应过程,称为电解。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
9、判断题:
按照IUPAC规定,当一个电极与标准氢电极构成电池时,如果这一电极的半电池反应为还原反应,则此电极的电池电位为正号,它意味着还原反应能自发进行。
A:对
B:错
答案: 对
10、判断题:
由于不同的离子扩散经过两个溶液的界面时具有不同的速度而产生的电位,称为液接电位。
A:错
B:对
答案: 对
第七章 单元测试
1、单选题:
测定溶液pH值时,所用的指示电极是( )
A:氢醌电极
B:银-氯化银电极
C:玻璃电极
D:氢电极
E:铂电极
答案: 玻璃电极
2、单选题:
测定溶液pH值时,所用的参比电极是( )
A:饱和甘汞电极
B:玻璃电极
C:铂电极
D:银电极
E:银-氯化银电极
答案: 饱和甘汞电极
3、多选题:
测定试液的pH值(pHx)是以标准溶液的pH(pHs)为基准,并通过比较Ex和Es值而确定的,这样做的目的是消除哪些影响?
A:
酸差
B:
内外参比电极电位
C:
碱差
D:
液接电位
E:
不对称电位
答案: 内外参比电极电位;
液接电位;
不对称电位
4、单选题:
在金属电极(Ag/AgNO3)中,迁越相界面的只有( )
A:电子
B:氢离子
C:硝酸根离子
D:负离子
E:金属离子
答案: 金属离子
5、单选题:
下列离子选择性电极:a.氟电极; b.卤素电极; c.玻璃电极; d.钙电极; e.氨电极(1)属于晶体膜电极的是 (2)属于硬质电极的是 ;(3)属于流动载体电极的是 ;(4)属于敏化电极的是 ;
A:
1c;2b;3a;4d
B:
1ab;2c;3d;4e
C:
1a;2cb;3d;4e
D:
1a;2b;3e;4d
答案:
1ab;2c;3d;4e
6、单选题:
氟离子选择性电极最理想的电极膜是( )
A:LaF3
B:
NaF
C:KF3
D:EuF3
E:LaF3+EuF3
答案: LaF3+EuF3
7、单选题:
用离子选择性电极进行测量时,需要搅拌溶液,这是为了( )
A:
降低电极内阻
B:
缩短响应时间
C:
减小浓差极化
D:
使电极表面保持干净
答案:
缩短响应时间
8、单选题:
测定饮用水中F-离子含量时,加入总离子强度缓冲液,其中柠檬酸的作用是( )
A:加速响应时间。
B:控制溶液的pH值
C:
避免迟滞效应。
D:与Al,Fe等离子生成络合物,避免干扰。
E:使溶液离子强度维持一定值。
答案: 与Al,Fe等离子生成络合物,避免干扰。
9、单选题:
利用选择常数可以估计干扰离子带来的误差。若Kij=0.05,干扰离子的活度为0.1mol/L,被测离子的活度为0.2mol/L,若ni = nj,则其百分误差为( )。
A:
40
B:
2.5
C:
10
D:
20
E:
5
答案:
2.5
10、单选题:
用电位法测定溶液的pH值时,电极系统由玻璃电极和SCE组成,其中玻璃电极是作为测量溶液中氢离子活度的( )
A:
指示电极
B:
金属电极
C:
参比电极
D:
工作电极
答案:
指示电极